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Raphael Kalinowski
Raphael of St. Joseph Kalinowski, O.C.D. ((ポーランド語:Józef Kalinowski), (リトアニア語:Rapolas Kalinauskas)) (1 September 1835 – 15 November 1907) was a Polish Discalced Carmelite friar inside the Russian partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the city of Vilnius (Pl: ''Wilno''; Ru: ''Вильнюс''). He was a teacher, engineer, prisoner of war, royal tutor, and priest, who founded many Carmelite monasteries around Poland after their suppression by the Russians.
Kalinowski was canonized by Pope John Paul II in 1991, the first man to be so recognized in the Order of Discalced Carmelites since Saint John of the Cross.
==Childhood==
He was born Józef Kalinowski to a noble "szlachta" family in the city of Vilnius (Wilno). At the time he was born, the area was known as a Russian partition, though it had formerly been part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was the second son of Andrew Kalinowski (1805–1878), an assistant superintendent professor of mathematics at the local Institute for Nobles (''Instytut Szlachecki''). His mother, Josephine Połońska, died a few months after he was born, leaving him and his older brother Victor without a mother. His father then married Josephine's sister (a practice that was not uncommon in that time), Sophie Połońska, and had three more children: Charles, Emily, and Gabriel. After Sophie died in 1845, Andrew married again, this time to the 17-year-old Sophie Puttkamer, daughter of Maryła Wereszczak (famous at the time for being written about by Adam Mickiewicz), who became mother to all of Andrew's existing children and had four more of her own: Mary, Alexander, Monica, and George.
From the age of 8, Kalinowski attended the Institute for Nobles at Vilna, and graduated with honors in 1850.〔Sokol, p. 173〕 He next attended the School of Agriculture (''Instytut Agronomiczny'') at Hory-Horki, near Orsha.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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